acidification
the addition of acid to a substance
aliquot
a measured volume of a solution
anhydrous
without water
anode
the electrode at which oxidation is occurring
anomalous
a result that does not seem to fit a trend or pattern shown by other results
battery
two or more electrochemical cells connected in series
buffer solutions
a solution that has the ability to reduce the effect of pH changes
cathode
the electrode at which reduction is occurring
cell
a set-up comprising reduction and oxidation processes connected by an external circuit and an internal electrolyte
complex ions
an ion that contains a central metal ion surrounded by other atoms, ions or groups
conjugate acid
the acid produced when a base accepts a hydrogen ion
conjugate base
the base produced when an acid donates a hydrogen ion
diprotic acid
an acid that can release two hydrogen ions from each molecule
electrode
the conducting material that provides a connection between the external circuit and the chemical reactions occurring in an electrochemical cell
electrolyte
a substance or solution that has the ability to conduct an electrical current due to the presence of ions that are free to move
equivalence point
the point at which there are the correct number of moles of acid and alkali as defined by a chemical equation
free radicals
reactive species that contain unpaired electrons
functional group
a grouping of atoms in a molecule that determines the main properties of the molecule
galvanic cell
a cell where an oxidation reaction is linked to a reduction reaction to produce an electrical voltage
hydrolysis
the reaction of a substance with water
isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure
meniscus
the curved surface of a liquid in a tube such as a burette
monoprotic acids
an acid that produces one hydrogen ion per molecule when it is ionised
oxidant
substance that causes another substance to be oxidised
primary cells
cells that cannot be recharged once they have been discharged
radical
species with unpaired electrons
redox reactions
a process that involves a reduction reaction and an oxidation reaction
reductants
substances that cause another substance to be reduced
saturated
contains only single covalent bonds
secondary cells
cells that can be recharged
significant figures
the number of digits in a number that have an effect on the accuracy of that number
species
particle involved in a chemical reaction
spontaneously
occurs naturally without an external stimulus
standard solution
A solution with a known concentration
structural formula
a formula that is written to show the arrangement of atoms within a molecule
surfactant
a compound that allows two immiscible liquids to mix together
titration
the experimental method by which volumetric analysis is carried out in the laboratory
titration curve
a graph showing the variation of pH when an acidic solution is mixed with an alkaline solution
titre
the volume of a solution added from a burette during a titration experiment
triprotic
an acid that is able to donate three hydrogen ions per molecule
unsaturated
contains at least one double covalent bond
volumetric analysis
the process of calculating quantities of chemicals by reacting measured amounts of solutions
